Qualidade físico-química de polpas de fruta de goiaba e manga comercializadas no Gama-DF / Physico-chemical quality of guava and mango fruit pulps sold in Gama-DF

As polpas de fruta congeladas são uma boa opção de aproveitamento das frutas, uma vez que eleva a sua vida útil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade de polpas de fruta comercializadas no Gama-DF. Foram selecionadas quatro marcas comerciais de polpas de fruta congeladas (A, B, C e D) dos sabores goiaba e manga. Avaliou-se o pH, teor de umidade, sólidos totais e açúcares totais determinados baseando-se nos métodos descritos pelo Instituto Adolfo Lutz. Todas as marcas apresentaram teor de umidade e de açúcar total condizentes com a legislação. No entanto, os resultados de pH obtidos para as marcas A, B e C apresentaram valores em discordância com os Padrões de Identidade e Qualidade regulamentados, para pelo menos um dos sabores de polpa de fruta. Adicionalmente, os valores do teor de sólidos totais das marcas comerciais B e C do sabor goiaba e B e D do sabor manga apresentaram discrepância em relação aos valores preconizados pela legislação. Assim, verificou-se que todas as marcas apresentaram, pelo menos, um parâmetro em desacordo com a legislação. Conclui-se que é necessário a adoção de boas práticas de fabricação e padronização das matérias-primas no processo de fabricação de polpas de fruta.

The frozen fruit pulps are a good option for the utilization of fruits, since they increase their useful life. The objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of fruit pulps sold in Gama-DF. Four commercial brands of frozen fruit pulps (A, B, C and D) of the guava and mango flavors were selected. The pH, water content, total solids and total sugars were determined based on the methods described by Adolfo Lutz Institute. All brands had moisture and total sugar content in line with the legislation. However, the pH results obtained for brands A, B and C showed values in disagreement with the regulated Identity and Quality Standards, for at least one of the fruit pulp flavors. Additionally, the values of the total solids content of the trademarks B and C of the guava flavor and B and D of the mango flavor presented discrepancy in relation to the values recommended by the legislation. Thus, it was found that all the pulps had at least one parameter without compliance with the legislation. The conclusion is that is necessary to adopt good manufacturing practices and standardization of raw materials in the fruit pulp manufacturing process.

Influência da desidratação osmótica na qualidade de frutas / Influence of osmotic dehydration in the quality of fuits

O Brasil é um grande produtor de frutas e vegetais e esta grande produção está associada a um considerável prejuízo no pós-colheita. A desidratação osmótica é uma operação importante para transformar frutos perecíveis em novos produtos com agregação de valor, além de estender a vida de prateleira. Os frutos goiaba e manga foram desidratados osmoticamente em solução de sacarose nas concentrações de 45%, 55% e 65% por um período de 24 horas. Os resultados mostraram que para a goiaba o teor de umidade variou de 57% a 41% enquanto que para a manga a umidade variou de 56% a 45% para as concentrações de 45% e 65%, respectivamente. A umidade diminuiu com o aumento da concentração de sacarose apenas para a goiaba enquanto que para a manga a umidade se manteve estável na concentração de 55%. O valor de compostos fenólicos nos frutos variou 112,86 a 153,3 mg EAG.100(-1) para a goiaba e de 78,21 a 85,87 mg EAG.100(-1). A concentração de sacarose na desidratação osmótica influenciou positivamente no teor de compostos fenólicos dos frutos.

Caracterização físico-química da polpa e da farinha da fibra de manga (Mangifera indica L. Cv. “Tommy Atkins”) / Physico-chemical characterization of pulp and fiber flour from mango (Mangifera indica L. Cv. “Tommy Atkins”)

Após o processamento industrial da manga, cerca de 60% do peso do fruto é resíduo, que é desperdiçado pela indústria de alimentos. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar a polpa e a farinha da fibra da manga. Esse material foi obtido após o descasque, descaroçamento e despolpamento, onde se obteve a polpa e o resíduo que ficou retido no equipamento, o qual foi denominado de fibra. A polpa foi armazenada a -18°C e a fibra foi desidratada e triturada para a obtenção de uma farinha. Após estes processos, determinou-se os valores de pH, umidade, cinzas, teor de sólidos solúveis e ácido ascórbico tanto para a polpa quanto para a farinha, enquanto que a acidez foi determinada somente para a polpa e o teor de fibra alimentar total e lipídeos apenas para a farinha da fibra. Os resultados demonstram que este resíduo tem características interessantes para indústria, podendo ser utilizado como enriquecimento para alimentação animal e humana.

Chemical composition by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS: Estrogenic and antioxidant effects of Mangifera indica L. cv. "Kent" leave extracts on ovariectomized rats / Composición química por HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS: efectos estrogénicos y antioxidantes de extractos de Mangifera indica L. cv. "Kent" en ratas ovariectomizadas

The chemical composition of Mangifera indica L. cv. "Kent" leaves was determined by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. Polyphenolic compounds characterized as benzophenone derivatives were the main components found in extracts (1, maclurin 3-C-(2-O-galloyl)-D- glucoside isomer; 2, maclurin 3-C---D-glucoside; 3, iriflophenone 3-C---D-glucoside; 5, maclurin 3-C-(2,3-di-O-galloyl)---D-glucoside; 6, iriflophenone 3-C-(2-O-galloyl)---D-glucoside; 7, methyl-iriflophenone 3-C-(2,6-di-O-galloyl)---D-glucoside) and xanthones (4, mangiferin and 8, 6-O-galloyl-mangiferin). The estrogenic and antioxidant effects of aqueous extracts from Mangifera indica L. cv. "Kent" leaves on ovariectomized rats were determined by uterotrophic assay and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in erythrocytes, bone, liver, and stomach. We conclude that the polyphenolic compounds from extracts act as exogenous antioxidant agents against oxidative damage in ovariectomized rats.

La composición química de las hojas de Mangifera indica L. cv. "Kent" se determinó por HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. Compuestos polifenólicos caracterizados como derivados de benzofenona fueron los componentes principales encontrados en los extractos (1, isómero de la maclurina 3-C-(2-O-galoyil)-D-glucósido; 2, maclurina 3-C-ß-D-glucósido; 3, iriflofenona 3-C-ß-D-glucósido; 5, maclurina 3-C-(2,3-di-O-galloíl)-ß-D-glucósido; 6, iriflofenona 3-C-(2-O-galloil)-ß-D-glucósido; 7, metil-iriflofenona 3-C-(2,6-di-O- galloyl)-ß-D-glucósido) y xantonas (4, mangiferina y 8, 6-O-galoyil-mangiferina). Los efectos estrogénicos y antioxidantes de los extractos acuosos de hojas de Mangifera indica L. cv. "Kent" en ratas ovariectomizadas se determinaron mediante ensayo uterotrófico y la medición de los niveles de malondialdehído (MDA) en eritrocitos, huesos, hígado y estómago. Concluimos que los compuestos polifenólicos de los extractos actúan como agentes antioxidantes exógenos contra el daño oxidativo en ratas ovariectomizadas.

Cuban flora species as a potential source of DNA protective compounds / Especies de la flora cubana cómo fuente potencial de compuestos protectores del DNA

Environmental exposure to genotoxic agents represents a major health concern for modern society. DNA damage could lead to mutations, which accumulative effect is closely related to degenerative and lethal diseases, such as cancer. Because of their structural and chemical diversity natural products play a fundamental role in pharmaceutical sciences for novel drug discovery. The present review article focuses on pre-clinical studies done with some species from Cuban flora that have been tested with positive antigenotoxic properties against different genotoxins. Special emphasis regarding molecular mechanisms suggested, from antioxidant activity to DNA repair modulation, a critical discussion of the state of art and the perspectives in the use of these plants as a new and promising strategy for genoprotection in the 21st Century are included.

La exposición ambiental a agentes genotóxicos representa un problema de salud significativo en la sociedad actual. El daño al ADN puede generar mutaciones, cuyo efecto acumulativo se encuentra estrechamente relacionado con enfermedades degenerativas y letales como el cáncer. Debido a su diversidad estructural y química los productos naturales juegan un papel fundamental en las ciencias farmacéuticas en el descubrimiento de nuevas drogas. El presente artículo de revisión puntualiza estudios pre-clínicos realizados con determinadas especies de la flora cubana que han sido estudiadas con una respuesta antioxidante positiva frente a diferentes genotoxinas. Se enfatizan especialmente los mecanismos moleculares sugeridos, desde actividad antioxidante hasta modulación de la reparación del ADN, así como una discusión crítica del estado del arte y las perspectivas en el empleo de estas plantas como una estrategia nueva y prometedora para la genoprotección en el siglo 21.

Avaliação da estabilidade da capacidade antioxidante e de parâmetros físico-químicos de néctares de frutas caseiros / Assessment of the antioxidant capacity and of the physicalchemicals parameters stability in homemade fruit nectars

Este estudo avaliou a capacidade antioxidante e os indicadores físico-químicos de néctares caseiros de laranja, manga e maracujá, mantidos sob refrigeração (5 ± 2 o C) por 24 horas. Os néctares foram preparados em laboratório e mantidos sob refrigeração, simulando as condições domésticas. As análises foram realizadas após o preparo (T0) e durante o acondicionamento sob refrigeração (1 h, 4 h e 24 h). Os sólidos solúveis, pH e cor foram determinados respectivamente por refratometria, potenciometria e colorimetria. Carotenoides e ácido ascórbico foram analisados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência; a concentração de compostos fenólicos foi determinada utilizando-se o reagente de Folin Ciocalteau e a atividade antioxidante pelo teste do DPPH. Ácido ascórbico, β-caroteno e compostos fenólicos foram identificados em todos os néctares. Foram encontrados α-caroteno e β-criptoxantina no néctar de laranja e licopeno no néctar de manga. Durante 24 horas de refrigeração, os compostos analisados e a atividade antioxidante mantiveram-se estáveis. De forma geral, os parâmetros físico-químicos também se mantiveram estáveis durante o período avaliado. Em conclusão, sob as condições utilizadas no presente estudo, os néctares não apresentaram alteração da capacidade antioxidante, podendo ser considerados fontes de carotenoides e vitamina C, mesmo se consumidos após 24 horas de preparo.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant capacity and the physical-chemical indicators of homemade nectars of orange, mango and passion fruit, kept under refrigeration (5 ± 2 °C) for 24 hours. The nectars were prepared in laboratory and kept under refrigeration simulating the domestic conditions. The samples analyses were performed after their preparations (T0) and during the refrigerated storage (1 h, 4 h and 24 h). Soluble solids, pH and color were determined by refractometry, colorimetry and potentiometry, respectively. Carotenoids and ascorbic acid were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, the concentration of phenolic compounds were determined by using Folin Ciocalteau reagent, and the antioxidant activity by the DPPH test. Ascorbic acid, β-carotene and phenolic compounds were identified in all of the analyzed nectars samples. The α-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin were found in orange nectar and the lycopene in mango nectar samples. During the refrigeration for 24 hours, the analyzed compounds and the antioxidant activity remained stable. In general, the physical-chemicals parameters also remained stable during the storage for 24 hours. In conclusion, under the conditions used in this study, the nectars might be considered as antioxidant sources, even if consumed after being prepared 24 hours before.

Synergistic, additive and antagonistic effects of fruit mixtures on total antioxidant capacities and bioactive compounds in tropical fruit juices / Efectos sinérgicos, aditivos y antagónicos de mezclas de pulpa frutas en la capacidad antioxidante total y compuestos bioactivos en los zumos de frutas tropicales

The objective of this work was investigate the synergistic, additive and antagonistic effects of fruit mixtures on total antioxidant capacities and bioactive compounds in tropical fruit juices, and optimize its formulation by the response surface methodology based on the responses: total polyphenols (TP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), ascorbic acid content and sensorial acceptance. Camu-camu, acerola and acai were the major factors that influenced the antioxidant potential of the juice; and the yellow mombin showed a positive effect on the acceptance of the tropical juice. It was observed an antagonistic effect between acerola and camu-camu for the TAC response. The optimum formulation obtained was 20% acerola, 10% camu-camu, 10% yellow mombin, 10% cashew apple and 10% acai, which was responsible for a response of 155.46 mg.100 g-1 of ascorbic acid, 103.01 mg of GAE.100 g-1 of TP, 10.27 μM Trolox g-1 of TAC and approximately 6.1 of acceptance.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar los efectos sinérgicos, aditivos y antagónicos de mezclas de diferentes frutas tropicales en la capacidad antioxidante total (TAC) y compuestos bioactivos presentes en los jugos mixtos, y optimizar su formulación por la metodología de superficie de respuesta basado en las evaluaciones de: polifenoles totales (TP), capacidad antioxidante total (TAC), contenido de ácido ascórbico y la aceptación sensorial. Camu-camu, acerola y acai fueron las frutas que más influyeron en el potencial antioxidante del jugo mixto; y el jobo mostró un efecto positivo en la aceptación del jugo mixto tropical. Se observó un efecto antagónico entre acerola y camu-camu para la TAC. La formulación óptima obtenida contenía 20% acerola, 10% de camu-camu, 10% el jobo, 10% de manzana de marañón y 10% de acai, la cual ha proporcionado contenidos medio de 155,46 mg.100 g-1 de ácido ascórbico, 103,01 mg de GAE.100 g-1 de TP, 10,27 mM Trolox g-1 de TAC y aproximadamente 6.1 de aceptación sensorial.

Efectos in vitro e in vivo de la pulpa de mango (Mangifera indica cv. Azúcar) en la carcinogénesis de colon / In vitro and in vivo effects of mango pulp (Mangifera indica cv. Azucar) in colon carcinogenesis.

La porción comestible del mango contiene ácido ascórbico, carotenoides, polifenoles, terpenoides y fibra que tienen efectos protectores para la salud, y posiblemente contra el desarrollo de cáncer de colon (CCO). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la capacidad antiproliferativa en células de adenocarcinoma de colon (SW480) y preventiva en un modelo in vivo de CCO de un extracto acuoso de Mangifera indica cv. Azúcar. El contenido de fenoles totales, flavonoides y carotenoides también fue analizado. El extracto inhibió el crecimiento de las células SW480 en forma dosistiempo- dependiente hasta 22,3% luego de 72h de exposición al extracto (200 μg/mL). La carcinogénesis en el colon de ratones Balb/c fue inducida mediante dos inyecciones intraperitoneales de azoximetano (AOM) a la tercera y cuarta semana de haber iniciado el suministro de mango en el líquido de bebida (0,3%, 0,6%, 1,25%). Después de 10 semanas de tratamiento se observó inhibición dosis-dependiente de la formación de focos de criptas aberrantes (FCA); 0,3% de mango inhibió más del 60% de FCA (p=0,05) comparado con los controles que recibieron agua. Estos resultados muestran que la pulpa del mango de azúcar, un alimento natural, no tóxico, que forma parte de la dieta del ser humano contiene compuestos bioactivos capaces de reducir el crecimiento de células tumorales y prevenir la aparición de las lesiones precancerosas en colon durante el inicio de la carcinogénesis.

Mango pulp contains ascorbic acid, carotenoids, polyphenols, terpenoids and fiber which are healthy and could protect against colon cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiproliferative and preventive capacity of an aqueous extract of Mangifera indica cv. Azúcar on a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (SW480) and in a rodent model of colorectal cancer, respectively. The content of total phenolics, flavonoids and carotenoids were also analyzed in the extract. SW480 cell growth was inhibited in a dose and time dependent manner by 22.3% after a 72h exposure to the extract (200 μg/ mL). Colon carcinogenesis was initiated in Balb/c mice by two intra-peritoneal injections of azoxymethane (AOM) at the third and fourth week of giving mango in drinking water (0.3%, 0.6%, 1.25%). After 10 weeks of treatment, in the colon of mice receiving 0.3% mango, aberrant crypt foci formation was inhibited more than 60% (p=0,05) and the inhibition was dose-dependent when compared with controls receiving water. These results show that mango pulp, a natural food, non toxic, part of human being diet, contains bioactive compounds able to reduce growth of tumor cells and to prevent the appearance of precancerous lesions in colon during carcinogenesis initiation.

DNA damage induced by an extract of Mangifera indica stem bark using in vitro Comet assay / Daño inducido al ADN por un extracto de la corteza de Mangifera indica mediante un ensayo Cometa in vitro

The aqueous standard extract of Mangifera indica L stem bark (MSBE) is used as a food supplement in Cuba. In this study, the genotoxic effect of MSBE was measured using different variants of the in vitro Comet assay in human lymphocytes and rat hepatocytes incubated with MSBE at 37C for 1 hour. Lymphocytes were incubated with MSBE for the subcellular (at two different pH conditions) and the standard Comet assays, in presence of catalase or S9 microsomal fraction. Hydrogen peroxide, benzo(a)pirene and UV radiation were used as positive controls. Results from standard and subcellular Comet assays clearly showed that MSBE (50 ug/mL) induced primary DNA damage to lymphocytes. This genotoxic effect was slightly reduced when lymphocytes were incubated with MSBE plus catalase, which suggests that hydrogen peroxide is involved in this DNA injury. S9 fraction also decreased MSBE-induced damage to DNA in human lymphocytes. Not genotoxic effect was observed when rat hepatocytes were exposed at MSBE, suggesting that the metabolic activity can be involved in the elimination of the DNA damage generated by the MSBE. In conclusion, MSBE causes primary DNA injury of human lymphocytes in vitro Comet assay, but not in rat hepatocytes in similar conditions.

El extracto acuoso de la corteza de Mangifera indica L. (MSBE) es usado como suplemento alimenticio en Cuba. En este estudio se determinaron los efectos genotóxicos de MSBE mediante diferentes variantes del ensayo Cometa in vitro en linfocitos humanos y hepatocitos de rata incubados con MSBE a 37C por 1 hora. Los linfocitos fueron incubados con MSBE para la realización de los ensayos Cometa subcelular (a dos condiciones de pH diferentes) y estándar, en presencia de catalasa o fracción microsomal S9. Peróxido de hidrógeno, benzo(a)pireno y radiación UV fueron usados como controles positivos. Los resultados de los ensayos Cometa, tanto subcelular como estándar, mostraron que MSBE (50 ug/mL) indujo daño primario al ADN de los linfocitos. Este efecto genotóxico fue ligeramente reducido cuando las células fueron incubadas con MSBE más catalasa, lo que sugiere que el peróxido de hidrógeno está involucrado en este daño al ADN. La fracción S9 también decreció el daño inducido por MSBE al ADN en linfocitos humanos. No fueron observados efectos genotóxicos cuando los hepatocitos de rata fueron expuestos a MSBE, sugiriendo que la actividad metabólica pudiera estar involucrada en la eliminación del daño al ADN generado por MSBE. En conclusión, MSBE causa daño primario al ADN de linfocitos humanos en el ensayo Cometa in vitro, pero no en hepatocitos de rata bajo condiciones similares.

Analysis of diversity among six populations of Colombian mango (Mangifera indica L. cvar. Hilacha) using RAPDs markers

Currently in Colombia, there are only records of morph-agronomic characterizations of Mangifera indica cvar. Hilacha; molecular studies on this mango variety have not been carried out. The aim of this work was to identify the genetic diversity of six populations of mango Hilacha by RAPDs markers, as a fundamental base for breeding programs, conservation and selection of promissory materials for the fruit industry at the national level. From 60 primers evaluated in the populations, five primers were selected and were launched in the six populations. Polymorphic bands of RAPDs were transformed into binary matrices, which were then processed with NTSYS-PC, POPGENE and TFPGA softwares. The overall genetic diversity, H T = 0.468 +/- 0.0016, is very similar to the average subpopulation genetic diversity, H S = 0.4431 +/- 0.0024, which revealed a small genetic differentiation among the mango Hilacha populations studied (G ST = 0.0532). This means that each population contained in average 95 percent of the total genetic diversity found in the global population analyzed. Considerable gene flow between populations (Nm = 9) was found. Finally, we recommend studying the genetic diversity of mango Hilacha populations with other molecular markers to complement the information obtained and to find similarities or differences with the results presented herein.

Evaluation of antibacterial activity of Mangifera indica on anaerobic dental microglora based on in vivo studies.

The present study was carried out to compare the subgingival plaque microflora in mango leaf users. Fifty subjects of both sexes, 25 of them used tooth brush and 25 used mango leaf as their home care hygiene device were included in the study. The microbiological evaluation for specific bacterial counts of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Peptostreptococcus micros were carried out for all subject. Specific microbial evaluation revealed significant decrease in the proportion of P. intermedia and P. gingivalis in mango leaf users compared to tooth brush users. It shows that mangiferin possesses antibacterial activity in vivo against specific periodontal pathogens such as P. intermedia and P. gingivalis. Use of mango leaf in conjunction with a tooth brush will be a good home care device for maintenance of oral hygiene.